Forward the Foundation Chapter 23

5 â€Å"Dad,† said Raych with some worry, â€Å"you look tired.† â€Å"I dare say,† said Hari Seldon, â€Å"I feel tired. Be that as it may, how are you?† Raych was forty-four now and his hair was starting to show a touch of dim, yet his mustache stayed thick and dull and very Dahlite in appearance. Seldon thought about whether he finished it up with color, yet it would have been an inappropriate thing to inquire. Seldon stated, â€Å"Are you through with your addressing for a while?† â€Å"For some time. Not for long. Furthermore, I'm happy to be home and see the infant and Manella and Wanda-and you, Dad.† â€Å"Thank you. However, I have news for you, Raych. No all the more addressing. I'm going to require you here.† Raych scowled. â€Å"What for?† On two unique events he had been sent to do sensitive missions, yet those were back during the times of the Joranumite danger. Apparently, things hushed up now, particularly with the topple of the junta and the restoration of a pale Emperor. â€Å"It's Wanda,† said Seldon. â€Å"Wanda? What's going on with Wanda?† â€Å"Nothing's the matter with her, yet we will need to work out a total genome for her-and for you and Manella too and in the long run for the new baby.† â€Å"For Bellis, as well? What's going on?† Seldon dithered. â€Å"Raych, you realize that your mom and I generally thought there was something adorable about you, something that roused friendship and trust.† â€Å"I realize you suspected as much. You said so regularly enough when you were attempting to get me to accomplish something troublesome. Be that as it may, I'll be straightforward with you. I never felt it.† â€Å"No, you prevailed upon me and†¦ and Dors.† (He experienced such difficulty saying the name, despite the fact that four years had gone since her devastation.) â€Å"You prevailed upon Rashelle of Wye. You prevailed upon Jo-Jo Joranum. You prevailed upon Manella. How would you represent all that?† â€Å"Intelligence and charm,† said Raych, smiling. â€Å"Have you figured you may have been in contact with their-our-minds?† â€Å"No, I've never imagined that. Furthermore, since you notice it, I believe it's strange. With all due regard, Dad, of course.† â€Å"What on the off chance that I disclosed to you that Wanda appears to have guessed what Yugo might be thinking during a snapshot of crisis?† â€Å"Coincidence or creative mind, I ought to say.† â€Å"Raych, I knew somebody once who could deal with individuals' psyches as effectively as you and I handle conversation.† â€Å"Who was that?† â€Å"I can't talk about him. Trust me, though.† â€Å"Well-† said Raych disastrously. â€Å"I've been at the Galactic Library, keeping an eye on such issues. There is an inquisitive story, around twenty thousand years of age and along these lines back to the foggy starting points of hyperspatial travel. It's about a young lady, very little more than Wanda's age, who could speak with a whole planet that orbited a sun called Nemesis.† â€Å"Surely a fairytale.† â€Å"Surely. What's more, fragmented, at that. However, the likeness with Wanda is astonishing.† Raych stated, â€Å"Dad, what are you planning?† â€Å"I'm not certain, Raych. I have to know the genome and I need to discover others like Wanda. I have a thought that youths are conceived not frequently however once in a while with such mental capacities, yet that, as a rule, it simply gets them in a difficult situation and they figure out how to cover it. Furthermore, as they develop tip, their capacity, their ability, is covered profound inside their brains kind of an oblivious demonstration of self-protection. Unquestionably in the Empire or even just among Trantor's forty billion, there must be a greater amount of that sort, as Wanda, and in the event that I know the genome I need, I can test those I think might be so.† â€Å"And what might you do with them on the off chance that you discovered them, Dad?† â€Å"I have the idea that they are what I requirement for the further improvement of psychohistory.† Raych stated, â€Å"And Wanda is the first of the sort you think about and you mean to make a psychohistorian out of her?† â€Å"Perhaps.† â€Å"Like Yugo. Father, no!† â€Å"Why no?† â€Å"Because I need her to grow up like an ordinary young lady and become a typical lady. I won't make them sit her before the Prime Radiant and make her into a living landmark to psychohistorical mathematics.† Seldon stated, â€Å"It may not end up like that, Raych, however we should have her genome. You realize that for a huge number of years there have been recommendations that each individual have his genome on document. It's just the cost that is shielded it from turning out to be standard practice; nobody questions its value. Most likely you see the preferences. In the case of nothing else, we will know Wanda's propensities toward an assortment of physiological issue. On the off chance that we had ever had Yugo's genome, I am sure he would not presently be biting the dust. Definitely we can go that far.† â€Å"Well, possibly, Dad, yet no further. I'm willing to wager that Manella will be significantly firmer on this than I am.† Seldon stated, â€Å"Very well. Be that as it may, recall, no more talk visits. I need you at home.† â€Å"We'll see,† Raych said and left. Seldon stayed there in a difficulty. Eto Demerzel, the one individual he realized who could deal with minds, would have comprehended what to do. Dors, with her nonhuman information, may have recognized what to do. For himself, he had a diminish vision of another psychohistory-yet simply that. 6 It was anything but a simple assignment to get a total genome of Wanda. In the first place, the quantity of biophysicists prepared to deal with the genome was little and those that existed were consistently occupied. Nor was it workable for Seldon to talk about his needs transparently, so as to intrigue the biophysicists. It was significant, Seldon felt, that the genuine purpose behind his enthusiasm for Wanda's psychological forces be left well enough alone from all the Galaxy. Furthermore, if another trouble was required, it was the way that the procedure was fiendishly costly. Seldon shook his head and said to Mian Endelecki, the biophysicist he was presently counseling, â€Å"Why so costly, Dr. Endelecki? I am not a specialist in the field, however it is my unmistakable understanding that the procedure is totally mechanized and that, when you have a scratching of skin cells, the genome can be totally constructed and broke down in a matter of days.† â€Å"That's actual. Yet, having a deoxyribonucleic corrosive particle loosening up for billions of nucleotides, with each purine and pyrimidine in its place, is its least; its least, Professor Seldon. There is then the matter of concentrating every one and contrasting it with some norm. â€Å"Now, consider, in any case, that in spite of the fact that we have records of complete genomes, they speak to a vanishingly little part of the quantity of genomes that exist, with the goal that we don't generally have the foggiest idea how standard they are.† Seldon asked, â€Å"Why so few?† â€Å"A number of reasons. The cost, for a certain something. Hardly any individuals are eager to spend the credits on it except if they have solid motivation to think there is some kind of problem with their genome. What's more, in the event that they have no solid explanation, they are hesitant to experience examination for dread they will discover something incorrectly. Presently, at that point, are you certain you need your granddaughter genomed?† â€Å"Yes, I do. It is awfully important.† â€Å"Why? Does she give indications of a metabolic anomaly?† â€Å"No, she doesn't. Or maybe the converse on the off chance that I knew the antonym of ‘anomaly.' I think of her as a most unordinary individual and I need to know exactly what it is that makes her unusual.† â€Å"Unusual in what way?† â€Å"Mentally, however it's inconceivable for me to go into subtleties, since I don't totally get it. Possibly I will, when she is genomed.† â€Å"How old is she?† â€Å"Twelve. She'll before long be thirteen.† â€Å"In that case, I'll need consent from her parents.† Seldon made a sound as if to speak. â€Å"That might be hard to get. I'm her granddad. Wouldn't my consent be enough?† â€Å"For me, positively. Yet, you know, we're discussing the law. I don't wish to lose my permit to practice.† It was fundamental for Seldon to approach Raych once more. This, as well, was troublesome, as he fought again that he and his better half, Manella, needed Wanda to carry on with an ordinary existence of a typical young lady. Consider the possibility that her genome turned out to be unusual. Would she be whisked away to be nudged and tested like a research center example? Would Hari, in his over the top dedication to his Psychohistory Project, press Wanda into an existence of all work and no play, stopping her from other youngsters her age? Yet, Seldon was obstinate. â€Å"Trust me, Raych. I could never really hurt Wanda. Be that as it may, this must be finished. I have to know Wanda's genome. In the event that it is as I speculate it may be, we might be very nearly adjusting the course of psychohistory, of things to come of the Galaxy itself!† Thus Raych was convinced and by one way or another he got Manella's assent, also. What's more, together, the three grown-ups took Wanda to Dr. Endelecki's office. Mian Endelecki welcomed them at the entryway. Her hair was a sparkling white, yet her face gave no indication old enough. She took a gander at the young lady, who strolled in with a look of interest all over yet without any indications of worry or dread. She at that point turned her look to the three grown-ups who had went with Wanda. Dr. Endelecki said with a grin, â€Å"Mother, father, and granddad am I right?† Seldon replied, â€Å"Absolutely right.† Raych looked hang-pooch and Manella, her face somewhat swollen and her eyes somewhat red, looked drained. â€Å"Wanda,† started the specialist. â€Å"That is your name, isn't it?† â€Å"Yes, ma'am,† said Wanda in her intelligible voice. â€Å"I'm going to let you know precisely what I will do with you. You're correct given, I suppose.† â€Å"Yes, ma'am.† â€Å"Very well, at that point, I'll shower a little fix to your left side lower arm with a sedative. It will just fe

Eyewitness Testimony Essay

The criminal equity frameworks in Australia and all through the world depend on proof to arraign people associated with a wrongdoing. Already, criminal agents depended upon onlooker represents their examinations however mental research shows that observer declaration isn't generally exact and ought not be utilized in the criminal equity framework as a sole bit of proof (Sangero and Halpert, 2007). Various research papers and articles have advised the utilization of onlooker declaration because of numerous cases exclusively basing their decision from this proof. Considering DNA proof, many indicted for a criminal offense have been excused of their sentences. The utilization of recognizable proof tests found in various papers explains why witness declaration can be incorrect and questionable. Trials made during the time testing onlooker accounts dive into factors partner occasion attributes, observer qualities and target qualities and how they add to the recovery of data from an observ er. These elements explain with regards to why witness declaration ought not be utilized exclusively as proof in the criminal equity framework yet rather another constituent in recognizing the individual of enthusiasm for a criminal examination. In 1992 a non revenue driven association was framed to help those indicted and condemned to a wrongdoing they didn't submit. The Innocence Project was framed by Barry C. Scheck and Peter J. Neufeld in alliance with Cardozo school of law at Yeshiva University to help absolve those saw as liable by means of DNA testing (Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University, 1997). As indicated by The Innocence Project, 75% of observer declaration which were utilized to convict associated crooks in the United States with America was wrong considering DNA testing. In one such case in New Zealand, a man named David Dougherty was seen as liable of assault and kidnapping of a young lady who argued against him in the courtroom just like the man that as saulted her (Cleave and Gower, 2012). Mr Dougherty was vindicated of the 1992 assault in 1997 because of the way that specialists at last presumed that there was deficient DNA proof to demonstrate past a doubtâ that he was the culprit (Fairfax NZ News, 2009). In spite of the fact that DNA proof absolved Mr Dougherty of the wrongdoing, many accepted he was the culprit because of the observer declaration, and master assessments were blurred because of the exposure of this case. It was distinctly until an abroad master affirmed for Mr Dougherty that he was absolved (Fairfax NZ News, 2009). This case shows the blunders made by the person in question/observer and how certain she was of the suspect and The Innocence Project has demonstrated that onlooker declaration is frequently mixed up. It has been broadly recorded during the time that mixed up distinguishing pieces of proof were associated with most of cases inspected by mental scientists (Penrod, 2005). Research has recommended that during a police examination, onlookers would now and again be liable to see more than one line-up to help distinguish a suspect (Palmer, Brewer, and Weber, 2010). Early research has refered to that more viewings of potential suspects ought to hypothetically improve the precision of the onlooker picking the wrongdoer (Penrod, 2005). Latest research has discovered that different line-ups can impede ensuing recognizable proof exactness in this manner presuming that the more line-ups an observer experiences, the more space for mistake in picking the subject being referred to (Palmer, Brewer, and Weber, 2010). This investigation concentrated on post-ID input and isolated their examination into two primary territories: affirming criticism and disconfirming criticism to see whether these would influence how the onlooker will continue with resulting line-ups. As per Palmer, Brewer and Weber, Just observers who got input after an underlying right dismissal performed at a level practically identical with a solitary lineup control gathering, recommending that an underlying distinguishing proof test can debilitate, yet not improve, execution on a subsequent test including a similar guilty party (Palmer, Brewer, and Weber, 2010). It is recommended inside this examination that criminal examinations abstain from utilizing numerous line-ups to guarantee that progressively guiltless people of intrigue are not indicted because of wrong observer exactness. In Addition to this exploration it has additionally been discovered that observer mistakes increment when people of intrigue are picked out of a photograph show as opposed to a real lineup (Lindsay and Wells, Improving Eyewitness Identifications From Lineups: Simultaneous Versus Sequential Lineup Presentation, 1985). These blunders are accepted to have something to do with the individual administrating the lineups or photograph exhibits (Wells, Rydell, and Seelau, 1993) accordingly controlling the eyewitness’ decisions in recognizing a suspect inside a lineup and ensuing lineups (Phillips, McAuliff, Kovera, and Cutler, 1999) as recently found. This mistake is settled effectively by selecting somebody to direct lineups or photograph clusters that don't ha ve a clue who the suspect might be (Wells and Bradfeild, 1998). Moreover, examine has discovered that the more drawn out the time interim between the occasion and observer account, the probable it is that the onlooker record will be mistaken (Loftus, Miller, and Burns, 1978). Another factor identifying with occasion qualities is that of separation. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that separation between the onlooker and the objective (suspect) will affect memory and facial acknowledgment (Lindsay, Semmler, Weber, Brewer, and Lindsay, 2008). In one such examination, it was presumed that onlooker acknowledgment crumbled as the separation among them and the objective expanded (Wagenaar and van der Schrier, 1996). In many onlooker declaration, it is dependent upon the observer to review the separation among them and the objective. Beforehand, the courts depended upon the 15 meter rule: the ideal survey separation for an onlooker (Wagenaar and van der Schrier, 1996). Lindsay et al. (2008) recommended to the courts that as opposed to depending on the 15 meter rule, when all is said in done, distinguishing pieces of proof will diminish with an expansion in separation thus it is dependent upon the courts to choose whether the onlooker accounts are tenable or not. Observer attributes likewise factor in to the conversation of how solid onlooker declaration is in the criminal equity framework. As per an examination concentrate by Wells and Olsen (2003), sex has next to no to do with how well females perform to guys as far as observer recognizable proof, albeit the two sexual orientations contrast by they way they see the occasion/scene. The age of an observer majorly affects onlooker distinguishing proof as youngsters and the older were found to perform inadequately corresponding to youthful grown-ups when investigations were directed (Wells and Olson, 2003). Another figure incorporated the onlooker attributes is that of race. It has been completely ex plored and inferred that individuals are better at recognizing facial highlights of their own race than those of different races (Meissner and Brigham, 2001). This information is valuable for those areasâ in which are socially the equivalent however for multicultural areas, to be specific Australia; it would have little criticalness the declaration couldn't be confirmed except if there was other implicating proof against the suspect. One silencer of facial acknowledgment is that of a weapon. A weapon is accepted to decrease the capacity of an observer to effectively recognize a suspect because of the consideration been drawn from the culprits face towards the weapon/object (Steblay, 1992). In the official courtroom, this part of whether the onlooker gave a lot of consideration to facial highlights to have the option to effectively distinguish a suspect turns out to be to some degree an issue. Onlooker declaration is â€Å"self-report† and can't be checked or cross referenced with different realities as it is simply mental and dependent on how well the observer accepts they have held adequate facial acknowledgment (Wells and Quinliv an, 2009). The certainty and sureness of an observer has been every now and again allowable in the criminal courts and the criminal equity framework has recently depended upon the onlooker evaluating his/her own mental capacities. This has been completely inquires about as being assurance refrain precision (Wells and Quinlivan, 2009). In most of the exploration led testing this, it has been discovered that the observer conviction has a moderate relationship with precision (Penrod, 2005) subsequently the criminal equity framework can't demonstrate whether the onlooker declaration is mixed up or right. At long last there is the factor of target attributes. As recently expressed, facial acknowledgment is increasingly exact when of a similar race. Another factor however is that of peculiarity and whether the objective (suspect) has an unmistakable face. It has been inquire about that appealing or extremely ugly targets are simpler to perceive than normal looking faces (Wells and Olson, 2003). Changes in facial qualities likewise assume a job in whether an onlooker can review what they saw. Changes in the face that are of common event, for example, hairdo, and masks can drastically influence recognition(Wells and O lson, 2003). Regarding whether these kinds of observer accounts are to be utilized in the criminal equity framework is straightforward as a suspect ought not be indicted exclusively on onlooker declaration yet be utilized as an asset with other proof which may implicate the individual of intrigue (Sangero and Halpert, 2007). Mental research shows that onlooker declaration isn't generally precise; in this manner it ought not be utilized in the criminal justiceâ system exclusively as a bit of proof. To have the option to convict and sentence a suspect, in light of a legitimate concern for the courts other proof must prove such cases of blame. Factors, for example, occasion qualities, observer attributes and target attributes clarified in this paper show that onlooker te

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Submissions continue to roll in for our new student photo series.   If you are an incoming student we encourage you to review this entry for details on how to submit your own photos to display on the blog. The first photos today come from Rahima Bensaid, an incoming MIA student. ___________________________ The first picture was taken in Chinatown, NYC.   These guys were playing bicycle polo, a fast-paced sport thats also really fun to watch. The second picture was taken in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil.   Salvador is the home of Capoeira, and in this picture the older man is teaching the younger one how to play the pandeiro while the couple on the balcony above them watched.   It was a very quiet, cloudy day, and the few of us who were outside were lost in the beautiful sound of the pandeiro. __________________________ The second set of photos was taken by Megan Colnar, an incoming MPA-DP student. __________________________ Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia The salt flats in Bolivia are one of the highest, driest places on earth. Though I went during the rainy season, a few hours later the land was already straining under the hot sun again. Ntarama, Rwanda In previous Hutu-lead killings throughout the 80s and 90s, Tutsis found refuge in churches across Rwanda. In 1994, Tutsis fled to   churches in hopes of finding safety. Instead of deterring the armed   Hutus, the churches acted as the largest centers for massacres in the   country. The remains of over 5,000 men, women and children can be found in the Ntarama Memorial. Rajasthan, India After this, I never complained about my seat assignment on an Indian train again.

We Are All Familiar With Bible Stories And Fairy Tales

We are all familiar with Bible stories and fairy tales. They typically began as verbal stories, passed down from generation to generation, before they were put down on paper or made into a film. Stories which use outlandish situations to, ideally, teach the readers how to live as good people. Stories such as Cinderella, The Three Little Pigs, Snow White, Jonah and the Whale, Noah s Ark, Hansel and Gretel, and The Adventures of Pinocchio include situations which could not have possibly happened. These stories may help lull children to sleep but, at the same time, teach morals in a harsh or even violent manner.†¨ Like fairy tales, the Bible was written to teach stories to impressionable minds. Unlike fairy tales, Bible stories are still read today, they are not only read by children, but by adults with or without children. Many Christians today will argue that the Bible stories, such as Jonah and the Whale, Noah s Ark, Adam and Eve, and such, were not written to take literally. If they are correct in assuming those stories are not literal encounters, then how would someone venturing through the bible know what to take literally and what to take as the word of God? If the stories of the Bible were never meant to be accepted as real events, then can they be considered fairy tales? If all stories in the bible are, in fact, the word of God and meant to be taken literal, then scientists need to re-evaluate almost everything they know about the world and how it works. It isShow MoreRelatedEssay about Biblical Imagery in the Story of Rapunzel1996 Words   |  8 PagesBiblical Imagery in the Story of Rapunzel Ostensibly, the story of â€Å"Rapunzel† is the tale of a young girl, locked up in a tower by a wicked witch, the real concern of the story, however, being lust and the dangers it represents to girls as they enter the rites of passage of puberty. Symbolism pervades the story of â€Å"Rapunzel†, as in all fairy tales, giving rise to diverse interpretations. 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Purpose and History of Punishment - 785 Words

Purpose and History of Punishment The American society of punishment has been heavily based on British law, which has in turn grown from Western capital punishment and personal retribution. In the seventh century A.D. leaders in government have begun to realize that crimes harmed society. The government started becoming more involved in controlling crimes and punishment for the crimes being committed. To protect the citizens the leaders of the governing body assembled a set of laws that were passed along with punishments for crimes. The government devised a list of different crimes that could have several different punishments, so the government determined a list of punishments that could fit the crimes. Throughout this era many of the†¦show more content†¦The Auburn system took a spin on the Pennsylvania system by using solitary confinement and hard labor, but the Auburn system went to the next degree and sought out to humiliate inmate by chaining them together and enforcing the prison stripe dress code. Punishment in the Auburn system was often very server and very quick. The Auburn system was seen as a very brutal system, but paved way for the prison systems of today. Both the Auburn and Pennsylvania system used hard labor to help rehabilitate convicts in the past. In today’s world labor is still used in the prison system but not to the extent it had been in the past because of the overcrowding problem in the system. The prison systems do not have enough staff to be able to get these inmates out to do the labor. 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The Case Study G20 Maketing Decision Free Essays

The case study G20 – Marketing Decision Making [pic] [pic] 1. Refer from perceptual map, SAAB, BMW and Honda are direct competitors of Infinity G20 because their positions are close to G20 in the perceptual map. The position of G20, SAAB, BMW and Honda is in Segment 3. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case Study G20 Maketing Decision or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. SAAB, BMW, HONDA are the direct competitor of the Infiniti G20. Infiniti G20 has lowest perception. 3. It is creditable claim to promote G20 as Japanese car with German feel. From the preference of the respondents it’s concerned more about Attractive, successful. . S1 – The most important attribute is Hi Prestige because this segment Predominant employment is professionals thus this group of people need hi class brand or high prestige. S2 – The most important attribute is Roomy because the percentage of Married is 75% and persons per household is 3. 8 so they need Roomy attribute S3 – The most important attribute is Attractive because this segment represents the American dreamers which concerned about how attractive they are. – The segment that should be market of G20 is S1 and S3. To reposition the G20 we should concerned about successful and attractive that make more market share. – Using Advertisement and professional suggestion to inc rease Attractive and Successful 4. Set the research problem direct to the Attractive Variable and Successful Variable Assignment 2 1. Base on the perceptual map, there are main competitors in segment 3 such as, BMW, Honda, SAAB The people in this market perceive the Infiniti G 20 is like the brand for attractiveness and successful when compare with its competitors. However BMW is likely to be more attractive more than Infiniti G 20. 2. No, because based on the perceptual map and Exhibit 1 the most of the respondents perceive that BMW is high prestige more than G20 so the company cannot claim that G20 like BMW. 3. For segment 1, the most importance attribute is High Prestige. For segment 2, the most importance attribute is Roomy. Finally, the most importance attribute is Attractive for the segment 3. We get the answer because we look at the angle. The fewer angles between attribute and Segment vector that is the importance factors. The segment which we would market the infiniti G20 are segment 1 and segment 3 so we want to reposition the infiniti G20 in attribute of high prestige and attractive to gain more customer and motivate our target in these segment choose our brand. Case: Positioning the infinity G20 1. From the perceptual map, people in this market perceive the Infinity G20 that it has more attractive and successful when compared with competitors. 2. The overall preference of G20’s respondents is less than BMW because respondents of BMW perceive that BMW has high prestige and quiet than G20, and then many people perceive that G20 is not the same level as BMW. So, it shows that the claim is incredible. 3. For segment 1, the most important attribute is high prestige. For segment 2, the most important attribute is roomy. For segment 3, the most important attribute is attractive. – Infinity G20 should market in the segment 3 because segment 3 of G20 has the highest average. G20 should improve attractive attribute to get high average score and market share, also it can move to the better position. – The marketing programmed that G20 would use is improve the attractiveness of the product by do the marketing research about the preference of customers toward the product. Also, the company should develop the product to meet the customer’s need. 4. In research programmed the company should specific customer pref erence on the characteristic of the cars as it can help the company to produce the cars that meet the customer’s need, which would lead to more customer’s confidence on the company. . The advantage of this software: 1. It is easier to position the company in the market. 2. Know the positioning of the competitors. 3. Know that which attribute is most important and which attribute is least important. 4. Know that which attribute is suitable for company. 5. Know that which attributes are related to each other. 6. Know which attribute should focus to reposition The limitations of this software: – Some information is difficult to analyze How to cite The Case Study G20 Maketing Decision, Free Case study samples

Remedy Oppression In The Corporations Act -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Remedy Oppression In The Corporations Act? Answer: Introducation The Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) provides the different provisions which govern the actions of the ones who run the affairs of the company. In this regard, the directors have been given a key responsibility to safeguard the interest of every stakeholder and not be indulged in a conduct which can be deemed as oppressive, unfair or prejudicial based on section 232 of this act (Cassidy, 2006). Where it is held by the court that such a conduct has been undertaken which can be deemed as discriminatory or prejudicial in an unfair manner or which is oppressive, the court can make an order pursuant to section 233 and this power is present based on section 232 of this act (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). As per section 233, the court has the power of directing the management to do something or to refrain from indulging in certain conduct, which could include buying the shares of the shareholders, and the order for winding up of the company can also be passed based on this sec tion (Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2016). In order to show that an oppressive conduct has taken place, with regards to the dividends the three conditions given under Thomas v H W Thomas Ltd (1984) 1 NZLR 686 need to be applied. As per this case, it has to be shown that if remedies are awarded, they would be fair and equitable; that the purpose of indulging in a particular conduct was to oppress, discriminate or prejudice; and that there has been a failure in meeting the rational expectations of the parties. In the quoted case, the court held that by adopting a traditionalist financial strategy and by not paying high amounts as dividends, the conduct of the company would not become oppressive especially when the same has been agreed by the majority shareholders and there is absence of failure which could show the unfairness (New Zealand Official Law Reports, 2017). Application Applying the rules discussed here on the facts of the case study, the shareholders in question here belonged to such class where the directors had the discretion of awarding dividends. So, if these are not provided, it cannot be claimed upon by the shareholders as being oppressive. Also, applying the case discussed in the rules segment, here the awarding of remedies would be unfair as the conduct is not oppressive particularly because the same was optional. The purpose of this conduct was not to harm these shareholders but just to expand the business of the company. And lastly, the expectation of the shareholders is not just as the money is being used for a different purpose, which would benefit the company only. The buyback of shares can be best defined as the company purchasing its already issued shares from the shareholders (Latimer, 2012). The rationale for undertaking buyback of shares is not only to increase the ownership in the company but also to reduce the dilution, to increase the financial ratios of the company, whereby the position of the company is portrayed in a batter manner and by also benefiting from the undervalued company shares (Kandarpa, 2016). Under Division 2 of Part 2J.1 of the Corporations Act, the requisites for share buyback and the procedure which has to be adopted for the same is provided (Australian Government, 2013). This act, along with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission provides the requirements which have to be undertaken for buying back the share. Also, there is a need to fulfil the disclosure requirement covered under section 257A of this act. Further, there is a need for the valuation of shares of the independent expert based on Regulatory Guide 75 of the ASIC (ASIC, 2007). Applying the rules to the facts of the case, the company can here opt for buyback of shares and this would help the company in obtaining advantages of buyback. Plus, the company may have to anyways buy back the shares if oppressive conduct is established against the company. To seek the report of an independent expert for valuation purpose would right meet the rules stated above. Reduction of capital is such a procedure in which the share capital of the company is reduced and this is done by following the procedure which has been given under the law. Capital reduction, like buyback of shares, has its own benefits and included in this is the increased value of the shareholders and also helps in improving the capital structure of the company (Nanda, 2015). However, under section 256C of the Corporations Act, certain requirements have been stated which have to be fulfilled in order to reduce the share capital of the company. In this regard, there is a need to obtain the approval of the shareholders and also to prove that the reduction of the share capital would not be prejudicial for the creditors of the company, particularly with regards to their debt repayment. At times, the buyback of shares is also deemed as capital reduction; and apart from this, the capital can be reduced by redeeming the redeemable preference shares, amongst the other methods (ASIC, 2014) . Capital reduction would be beneficial for the company in this case, as with this the disputes associated with this classs shareholders can be avoided. But in order to undertake this capital reduction, there is a need to fulfil the criteria laid down under section 256C. Conclusion Hence, the company could opt for either of the two options, but it would be preferable to reduce the capital of the company. References ASIC. (2007) Share buy-backs. [Online] ASIC. Available from: https://download.asic.gov.au/media/1240127/rg110.pdf [Accessed on: 01/10/17] ASIC. (2014) Reduction in share capital. [Online] ASIC. Available from: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/running-a-company/shares/reduction-in-share-capital/ [Accessed on: 01/10/17] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/ definitions [Accessed on: 01/10/17] Australian Government. (2013) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 01/10/17] Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Kandarpa, K. (2016) What is the Purpose of a Share Buyback and How can Shareholders Benefit from it?. [Online] Wise Owl. Available from: https://www.wise-owl.com/investment-education/what-is-the-purpose-of-a-share-buyback-and-how-can-shareholders-benefit-from-it [Accessed on: 01/10/17] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Nanda, D.S. (2015) Reduction in share capital: Analysis. [Online] Corporate Law Reporter. Available from: https://corporatelawreporter.com/2015/02/23/reduction-share-capital-analysis/ [Accessed on: 01/10/17] New Zealand Official Law Reports. (2017) Thomas v H W Thomas Ltd - [1984] 1 NZLR 686. [Online] New Zealand Official Law Reports. Available from: https://www.lawreports.nz/thomas-v-h-w-thomas-ltd-1984-1-nzlr-686/ [Accessed on: 01/10/17] Victorian Law Reform Commission. (2016) The oppression remedy in the Corporations Act. [Online] Victorian Law Reform Commission. Available from: https://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/content/3-oppression-remedy-corporations-act#footnote-135972-53-backlink [Accessed on: 01/10/17]

Assets and Social Development

Assets and Social Development Social development theory is aimed at exploring the changes in structure and way of societys functioning to enable it to define its goals and objectives. According to this theory, development of the society is the result of its capacity to manage the resources to overcome challenges and use opportunities. Asset-based social development is related to the tenets of empowerment. It suggests that the key to finding solutions to the problems faced by the society lies in the already existing community assets.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Assets and Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The survey methodology appears to be the most appropriate for this research, as it gives an opportunity to collect a broad range of data and gives extensive flexibility in data analysis due to the unlimited number of questions that can be asked (Gideon, 2012). The first hypothesis in the study will propose that studen ts coming from Latino families had a lack of effective communication about sex with their parents when they were teenagers. Effective communication in this sense is viewed as a trustful discussion of issues vital to the formation of certain attitudes to sexuality. The second hypothesis will test whether the source of information received by a teenager about sex within a family affects his sexual behaviour in the future. The study will also aid as a stepping stone for further research in the social work tackling the sexual behaviour of teenagers based on the activities aimed at promoting the parents awareness of the importance of building an effective communication about sex issues with the children. This chapter brings out the research topic and the examination of the impact of the quality of communication between parents and children about sex on the sexual behaviour of teenagers and the behavioural patterns related to informing the children about sexual issues typical for Latino f amilies. The chapter also demonstrates the significance of the purpose of the study to contribute to the understanding of the relation between home sexual education and sexual behavioural patterns. In addition, this chapter will help guide the literature review about studies exploring the importance of sexual education within a family and its influence on the sexual behaviours of teenagers.Advertising Looking for dissertation on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Assets and Social Development. Social development theory can help to reveal the roots of such phenomenon related to the topic of the research as teen pregnancy and unsafe sex among teenagers. As this theory focuses on identification of factors guiding certain social changes, it is useful for determining the causes of different social phenomena, as showed by studies by Siau and Long (2006). The usage of social development theory can be applied t o the issue of family sexual education as well. The assets-based approach helps to suggest the potential steps necessary for overcoming teen pregnancies and unsafe sex with the help of already existing social asset – family units. Sanders, Lankenau, and Jackson-Bloom (2010) reveal the methodology of conducting surveys aimed at revealing the roots of the risky sexual behaviour of Latino youth and contributing to the effectiveness of interventions addressing this phenomenon. Cultural beliefs include those stereotypes and widely-accepted behavioral patterns that are affected by traditional and religious views of the Latino population. Though this concept has some positive features within romantic relationships, it has deleterious features, including dominance and sexual prowess, within a framework of sexual behavior (Kassab et al., 2014). Machismo defines masculinity as an ability to seduce a woman, and therefore, praises frequent sexual relations with different partners (Raffae lli Iturbide, 2009). While the cultural background of Latino youth creates the stereotypes promoting the inclination of male adolescents to have many sexual relations, the religious background related to the positions of Catholic Church contributes to the popularity of stereotype considering protected sexual relations inappropriate.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Assets and Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Young, Turner, Danny, and Young (2004) also concluded that poverty resulting in the lower educational level of the parents is one of the factors typical for the population experiencing teen pregnancy. Low income appears to have a significant influence on the risk of having unsafe sexual relationships leading to teen pregnancy. Mehra, Kyagaba, Ostergren, and Agardh (2014) conducted a study that revealed the significant association between poor academic performance and inconsistent condom use. The analysis of relevant literature related to the investigated issue reveals that more research is needed to determine the roots of the risky sexual behaviour of Latino youth resulting in teen pregnancies and develop an effective scheme of reducing such negative tendencies. The Questionnaires presented in this chapter, and the description of the procedure related to their usage will help to understand the main issues of sexual education addressed during the research and the methods of analysis of the results. The instruments used in the study include several questionnaires aimed at revealing the participants attitudes and experience related to sexual education. The first part is borrowed from a previous research and consists of 17 issues that need to be analyzed in terms of the source of the information about them (mother, father, friends, media, school sexual education, and religious institution). The second part is also borrowed from the previous research and includes 60 st atements that need to be rated according to the source of receiving such messages (parents, friends, media, school, religion). The third part is created by the author of the study and includes two open-ended questions with the variants of answers. The fourth part is created by the author of the study and includes four open-ended questions with the variants of answers. The fifth part is created by the author and includes four topics that need to be rated based on the involvement of parents in the discussion. The sixth part is borrowed from the previous research and includes eight questions related to the demographic information.Advertising Looking for dissertation on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Gideon, L. (2012). Handbook of survey methodology for social sciences, New York: Springer Science. Kassab, V. A., Acevedo-Polakovich, I., Grzybowskil, M., Stout, S., Richards, A., Barnett, M.,†¦Saxena, S. (2014). Views on sex and sex education among gang-involved Latino youth in the United States. Qualitative Health Research, 24(5), 654-664. Retrieved from http://qhr.sagepub.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/content/24/5/654.full.pdf+html Mehra, D., Kyagaba, E., Ostergren, P.-O., Agardh, A. (2014). Association between self-reported academic performance and risky sexual behaviour among Ugandan University students- A cross sectional study. Global Journal of Health Science6(4), 183-195. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/1540953417/fulltextPDF?accountid=458 Raffaelli, M., Iturbide, M.I. (2009). Sexuality and sexual risk behaviors among Latino adolescents and young adults. In F. A. Villarruel, G. Carlo, J. M. Grau, M. Azmitia, N. J. C abrera, T. J. Chahin (Eds.), Handbook of U.S. Latino psychology: Developmental and community-based perspectives (pp. 399–414). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sanders, B., Lankenau, S., Jackson-Bloom, J. (2010). Putting in work: Qualitative research on substance use and other risk behaviours among gang youth in Los Angeles. Substance Use Misuse, 45, 736-753. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=01418712-2fb4-4cfb-9005-5b0764e48dba%40sessionmgr111vid=3hid=124 Siau, K., Long, Y. (2006). Using social development lenses to understand e-government development. Journal of Global Information Management, 14(1), 47-62. Retrieved from igi-global.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/gateway/article/full-text-pdf/3634 Young, T., Turner, J., Danny, G., Young, M. (2004). Examining external and internal poverty as antecedents of teen pregnancy. American Journal of Health Behaviour, 28(4), 361-373. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.co ntentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/211842179/fulltextPDF?accountid=458

Business strategy mcdonald Essays

Business strategy mcdonald Essays Business strategy mcdonald Essay Business strategy mcdonald Essay If we all have different receptions of reality then the big question is; do we know real true picture of reality? Reality in accounting is something I believe is very hard for us people to determine. Firstly is that most of the measurement used in the accounting system are arbitrary. How can we know that something which is based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or systems is the truth? Secondly accounting is also based on assumptions. So what is seems like that in accounting there is no such thing as reality. Obviously we couldnt know what is true if methods of accounting are based on arbitrary methods and assumptions. If this is so, then again the big question is; how can accountants communicate reality if we dont know what is reality. A. In the given question, the directors decision on deciding not to life the going concern assumption while the companys performance and position is deteriorating is totally wrong and unethical. The company knew very well that there are people out there who are going to rely on their financial decisions to make very important decisions. Not lifting the going concern assumption will make stakeholders think especially primary users that the companys financial performance and position is going well and healthy when in act its not. In this case the directors are communicating a false reality. B. Well communicating a false reality doesnt mean that also you are creating a false reality. For God. Anything can happen in the future. Revenue might increase as well as sales, profit might increase and the business might again run well. In this case the company is creating a reality. . ) Fiji Sugar Corporation. The Fiji Sugar Corporation is said to be responsible for the pollution of the Aqua River in Labs. The question to ask is whether the Fiji Sugar Corporation (FCC) is really responsible for the pollution of the Aqua River that had resulted in the killing f the marine life. Or is the waste dumped by the FCC in the Aqua River the cause of pollution. It is being evident that the waste dumped by FCC to the river is the direct c ause of the killing of the marine life in the river. ( If]times. Mom) (The Fiji Times, 24/12/08) Last year we took samples from the river and results confirmed that the chemicals were from FCC so this new testing is part of our prosecution process. Mr Kumar Tests result shows that the death of river plants and vaporizing useful gases is the result of a rise in temperature in the river that was caused by hot water being poured into the Aqua River.. All Saints Secondary School students and hundreds of residents beside the river complained of headache as a result of the pollution by FCC. ( If]times. Mom) (Fiji times, 03/09/09) With the evidence given above, can we say that the organization is responsible for the pollution of the Aqua River? Ruth D Hines said that we must not think that the fence of the organization sets the limit or the boundary of the organization. The only thing the fence does is to separate the other people from the organization or to designate it so to speak. Well in terms of pollution, I do agree that the organization is responsible for the pollution. As evident above that the waste dumped by the FCC is the direct cause of the pollution which had an adverse effect on the river, environment and the people. If it wasnt for the organization dumping rubbish into the river there wouldnt have been any pollution. Hines also said that we should account for something that we are accountable for. It would be unethical for FCC not to account for the pollution caused by them. Even though we might think that the pollution is outside of the organizations context but in reality we know that the damage to the environment is directly caused by pollution by the organization. As a conclusion we can say that pollution is very much part of the organization. As it is the direct effect and outcome of the production process of the organization. So Fiji Sugar Corporation should account for the pollution. B. ) The organization is now placing more significance on sustaining a clean environment in particular waste water release from mill operation and air pollution not only for its staff but its stakeholders too. The organization is aiming on the execution of various engineering controls. This will result in the minimization of waste to the environment and by doing this they will e adhering to the Mill Upgrade Program. All mills around the country had formed committees that will observe and address pollution. Annual report 2010). Recognizing revenue in the period or periods that the revenue-generating activities of the companies are performed is the objective of the firm. There are two conditions that needs to be satisfied before revenue can be recognized in the realization principle: 1 . The earnings process is Judged to be complete or virtually complete (the earnings process refers to the activity or activities performed by t he company to generate revenue). 2. There is reasonable certainty as to the collegiality of the asset to be received (usually) (http://connect. McGraw-hill. Mom) Businesses recognize revenues ate different point in time due to a number of reasons: Businesses are different in nature. The activities performed by the companies to generate revenue are differently judged to be complete. It because of these two catteries that revenue are differently recognized. For example revenue from selling of inventory are recognized at the date of sale often interpreted as the date of delivery. This is because at the date of delivery the earnings process is Judged to be complete. For revenue from rendering services are recognized when services are completed and billed.

Technologys Affect on Families and Society Essay

Technologys Affect on Families and Society - Essay Example The interaction amongst individuals will reduced to such an extent that they will even not recognize their neighbors. This will create an America with no social bonding amongst the individuals and people staying in their home without the concern for the overall society, city and the country. When a customer comes out of his home for shopping he generates a living mostly for the lower strata of the society by picking a taxi or a tram, eating out at restaurants or kiosks thus generating incoming not only for the small owners but for the cab drivers and loads of workers at the eating junction. While income of these comparatively lower strata will definitely reduce, the affluent online vendors and reputed food giants who will cater to online requests will become even richer thus creating a wider gap between the rich and the poor. Obama government is working hard to keep a check on outsourcing of IT related services and products to developing country. If we have a closer look then we will find out that the web based services for development and maintenance has been offered primarily by the developing nations to US and therefore curbs in outsourcing will definitely delay any such mishaps for the lower stratum of our society Our c... ook then we will find out that the web based services for development and maintenance has been offered primarily by the developing nations to US and therefore curbs in outsourcing will definitely delay any such mishaps for the lower stratum of our society -How do you see this changing the elements of our culture Our culture has been a strong supporter of the principle of equality to all nationals. This implicitly refers that everybody has the right to equality even in financial matters. By increasing a gap between the richer and the poor, we are hindering the basic rights of equality for our relatively poor citizens thus snatching them this right to financial equality. -Who will be affected the most and how will their lives change Mostly this will affect the small shop owners who are not affluent enough to sell their items via online shopping. This is because they neither have sufficient resources to start an online shop, nor do they have the brand name that a customer will trust while placing an order online. Moreover every small worker involved in transportation sector will be hit by these changes. -Are there any social movements or collective behavior contributing to this change Our increasing dependency on internet for every small affair is catching the attention of affluent retailers and food giants to sell their products online and thus contributing to this change. Reference: American Teenagers. (July 2005). U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany. Retrieved March 14, 2009, from

Describe an historical evolutionary concept and its impact on that Term Paper

Describe an historical evolutionary concept and its impact on that population(ie.Genetic drift or founder effect).Include how th - Term Paper Example However, these lacunae in no way takes away from the fact that evolution was and still is an ongoing, dynamic process. The inability to chart the human evolutionary process in a categorical manner does not mean that the specie human sapiens is not subject to the laws of evolution, in spite of the diverse assumptions and hypotheses to the contrary. The very first such assumption is to do with the fossil records, the findings of which did not occur in a chronologically uniform manner. The earliest fossil record known to science is said to be Aegytopithecus  sp a small animal, the size of a spaniel. This fauna is believed to be an ancestor of the humans, as also the modern apes, although quite distinct from all the other primates. It existed in the latter part of the Oligocene era, around 30 million years ago. Since the animal represented the dawn of apes as well as humans, it was termed the ‘dawn ape’. 10-15 million years passed before the lines leading to the great apes and humans began to diverge. 20 million years ago Dryopithecus  appeared exhibiting ape like features and 5 million years later Ramapithecus entered the evolutionary arena. It is exactly these rather long intervals of time about which we are completely dark about the onward momentum of the evolutionary process that make some people think that scientists have failed to categorically chart the human evolutionary process. ... 2001). The term is Leakey’s own way of recognizing the intimate evolutionary relationship that existed among human beings, chimpanzees and gorillas (Gee, 2001). This he did in spite of the already mentioned gaps in time. There are other assumptions and arguments going around denying the importance or even prevalence of the laws of human evolution. This is a deliberate attempt to establish that humans are not subject to the laws of evolution and most are far fetched in the extreme. One theory going around and gaining ground, particularly in the United States subscribes to the Creationist view of all living beings as depicted in the Genesis of Old Testament. They are more interested in discrediting evolution by the simple expedient of ignoring all discoveries of hominid fossils. As in many a field of human endevour, hoaxes and mistakes can at times occur in science too. Creationists cherry pick such examples in an effort to prove that these hoaxes and mistakes are proof enough t o establish the weakness of science and its theories, particularly the theory of evolution. This is a gross misinterpretation of the very nature of science which advances by learning from its mistakes and drawing confidence from its successes. The scientific method has this built-in, self- correcting mechanism which is a potent asset of science. All scientific hoaxes are soon exposed and rectified and those who do so are not creationists but the scientists themselves. All that the creationists do is to read about such exposes in the newspapers and watch them on TV and claim that it was they who exposed them in the first place. Ironically, the modern Indian savant Osho, whose disciples hail more from the Occident rather than from the nation of his birth, when asked whether there was a

Questions and Answers on DNA and MRNA

Questions and Answers on DNA and MRNA Rumana Anam Q1. What is the full forms of the following: D.N.A Deoxyribonucleic (The Free Dictionary, 2015) MRNA Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (The Free Dictionary, 2015) TRNA Transfer Ribonucleic Acid (The Free Dictionary, 2015) Q2. Complete the following sentences The synthesis of mRNA from DNA is known as:- Transcription (The Free Dictionary, 2015) The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as:- Protein Synthesis (The Free Dictionary, 2015) Q3. Explain the process of Protein Synthesis detailing the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes. The process where individual cells make protein is called protein synthesis. DNA and all RNA are both involved in this process. RNA are made by enzymes in the cell’s nucleus which start the process of protein synthesis by way of unwinding the wanted section of the DNA. A copy of one side of the DNA is formed by the RNA, and then is sent to all the other areas of the cell to help to bring altogether the different amino acids that make up proteins. As proteins are synthesised by mechanical and chemical processes within the cells, this process is called protein synthesis. Within the nucleus when the strand of RNA has been made, it is called messenger RNA MRNA. Through opening in the nucleus called pores the MRNA exits the nucleus and goes into the larger area of the cell which is called cytoplasm. As soon as the MRNA leaves the nucleus, it is attracted to a structure called ribosome, which are the cells work station or factory for protein synthesis. Within this point only one sub unit of ribosome is present. Another strand of RNA called transfer RNA, TRNA are activated as the MRNA start to attach to the ribosome sub unit. The TRNA stand finds the correct place to bind to the MRNA, as soon as it finds the place; it binds itself to the MRNA, which on one end holding amino acid. As this happens the other sub unit of ribosome come to completely form a complete structure. Another strand of TRNA appears as the ribosome encircles the strand of RNA. This strand is different from the first strand as it is carrying another amino acid; again the TRNA finds the correct place to bind to the MRNA. With the amino acid as soon as the second strand of TRNA is placed, both of the amino acid joins together aided by the ribosome, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with its cellular energy. As this pattern continues and repeats itself the chain of amino acid grows longer. As soon as all the amino acids have been placed in the correct sequence, a three-dimensional chain is made. O nce this has happened the protein is complete. When the proteins have been made the two sub-units of ribosome part to be joined later. In many ribosomes within the cell the process of protein synthesis take place there (Wisegeek, 2015). Q4.What is Point Mutation? Evaluate its effects. Point mutation is where there is a change within a gene, where one base pair in the DNA sequenced is changed or altered.Point mutation is most commonly the result of mistakes made during the DNA replication, however if DNA is exposed to x-rays and or ultraviolet radiations, this can also bring on point mutation. The two types of mutations are transition mutation and transversion mutation. Transition mutation happens when a pyrimidine base which is thymine (T) or cytosine (C) changes for another pyrimidine base, or it is when a purine base which is adenine (A) or guanine (G) changes for another purine base. Within a double stranded DNA each base is paired with a certain partner on the corresponding strand. A always pairs with T and C always pairs with G. For example a transition mutation is a GC base pair that swaps an AT base pair. However transversion mutation happens when a purine base changes for a pyrimidine base or the other way around i.e. when a TA or CG swaps for AT pair (Britannica, 2015). Point mutation can be put in three groups, nonsense mutation which is a code for a stop this can shorten the protein. Missense mutation which is a code for a different amino acid and silent mutation which is a code for the same or a different amino acid with no purposeful change in the protein itself. Missense mutation for example causes sickle cell disease, as the beta haemoglobin gene converts a GAG code into a GTG. This codes the amino acid valine instead of glutamic acid (Answers, 2015). The Effects of Point Mutation As all the cells within the body contain DNA therefore there are many places where point mutation can happen. However not all mutations are passed on to the offspring, these do not matter for evolution purposes. The mutations that matter for evolution purposes are those that can be passed on to the offspring, these happen in the reproductive cells eggs and sperm this type of mutation is called germ line mutation. There are three effects of germ line mutation:- No change happens in the phenotype, this is where there is no effect on the organism. This can happen in a part of the DNA strand where there is no function, or it can happen in a protein coding area but does not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein. Small changes happen in the phenotype, a single mutation can cause some cats ears to curl backwards. Significant changes happen in phenotype, this is where significant changes happen within the organism for example sickle cell disease. A single mutation can cause negative effects for the organism for example mutation that cause death, this is called lethal. Mutations are sometimes stereotyped as unimportant or the cause of genetic disease. While many mutations do have a negative effect, other mutations can have a small positive effect. Mutations that control genes can have a huge and sometimes positive effect. As some areas of the DNA control other genes, that decide when and where other genes are turned on, mutation in these parts can considerably change the way an organism is built. This can cause flow of effects in the behaviour of the genes under its control. Organisms have control genes that shape how the body is laid out i.e. the Hox gene is found in humans and animals. This gene sets out where the head goes and where limbs grow. These control gene build the bodies units i.e. limbs, head etc, therefore evolving a huge change in basic body lay out can be likely by a change in the Hox gene and natural selection (Understanding Evolution, 2015). Task 2 Q5. What is the probability of a couple having a boy or a girl? Male X Y Female X X XX = Girl XY= Boy The probability of a couple having a boy is 50%, the probability of a couple having a girl is 50%. Q6 What chromosomal abnormalities occur in the inheritance of Down’s syndrome Down syndrome is a result from trisomy 21, this is where the 21st chromosome has three chromosome and not the normal 2 chromosome. Therefore the individual will have 47 chromosomes and not the normal 46 chromosome. Down syndrome is cause by chromosomal abnormalities that happens randomly in the development stage of reproductive cells within a parent. This normally happens in the egg, but can sometimes happen in the sperm. The mistake in cell division results in a reproductive cell with abnormal number of chromosome, trisomy 21. This condition brings on intellectual disability, a characteristic facial appearance and weak muscle tone, all individual that are effected have cognitive delay (Genetics Home Reference, 2012). Q7. Explain inheritance of a sex-linked condition with a relevant example Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are both inherited sex linked traits, where they are inherited through the X linked recessive pattern. The genes that cause this condition are in the X chromosome, which is one half of the two sex chromosomes, the other being the Y chromosome. As males only have one X chromosome, one changed copy of the gene in the cell is enough to cause this condition. As females have two X chromosomes a mutation would have to have happened in both of the copies of the genes to cause this condition. This is very rare to happen in females as both copies of genes would have to have the same mutation happened to them. Therefore it is rare for females to have hemophilia. Fathers cannot pass on the inherited X linked condition to their sons as this is one of the characteristics of X linked inheritance. Females who have this X linked recessive condition have one mutated gene are called carriers. Female’s carriers have normally half the amount of coagulation factor whi ch is enough for blood clotting. Some female’s carriers have less than half of the normal amount of coagulation factor, these carriers are at risk for abnormal bleeding (About Education, 2015). Q8. Explain the inheritance of either cystic fibrosis or phenylketonuria Cystic fibrosis is a disorder that causes respiratory failure and vitamin deficiencies. Cystic fibrosis effects the secretion of the body i.e. saliva, mucus, sweat and digestive juices. As this secretion should be thin and watery, they are thick and sticky. This causes passageways to be clogged up within the body which causes damage to the pancreas and lungs. Cystic fibrosis is caused by inheriting defected gene from both parents, known as recessive gene. Cystic fibrous cannot be inherited by the off spring, if only one parent has the gene. If the off spring has only one defective gene then they are carriers of cystic fibrosis, this means that they will have the potential to pass on the defective gene to their off spring (eHow, 2015). The off spring labelled Ff are carriers, they have one defective gene but do not have the disorder themselves. In the diagram above both parents are carriers, they have one in four chances of producing an off spring that has cystic fibrosis (Bitesize, 2014). In the diagram above one parent is a carrier, while the other is not. They will not produce an off spring with cystic fibrosis, but are able to produce off springs that are carriers (Bitesize, 2014). Q9 Describe the process of genetic screening explaining the application of DNA recombinant technology in the treatment of a named medical condition.   Genetic testing is a medical test that can indicate any changes in the chromosomes, genes and proteins. The result of genetic testing can help to confirm or reject an alleged genetic condition, disease that the individual may have suspicion of, or help verify their chances of developing and or passing on a genetic disorder to their off spring. Some of the methods of genetic testing can be of these. Molecular genetic testing, this is where the medics study a single gene or short lengths of DNA to find defectiveness or mutation that may lead to a genetic disorder. Chromosomal genetic testing, this is where a whole chromosome and or long lengths of DNA to see if there are any sizable genetic changes i.e. extra copy of chromosome. Biochemical genetic testing, this is where the activity level or the amount of proteins are studied; any abnormalities that are detected can indicate genetic disorder (Genetic Home Reference, 2015). DNA recombinant technology, is a technology that produces DNA artificially. The DNA in living organism has been changed today due to this procedure. This procedure involves taking DNA from two difference sources and merging it together for it to become one single molecule. However this only works when the artificially created DNA has been reproduced, this is known as DNA cloning. The two types of cloning that DNA recombinant technology is used for are, therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. The reproductive cloning produces an organism with the exact same genetic information from the one that already is living. This type of cloning has been done with Dolly the sheep. Dolly was the first mammal to be reproduced as a genetic copy. Therapeutic cloning, reproduces tissues and or organ and not the whole organism. Therapeutic cloning has a great deal of benefit, i.e. if an organ has cancer it can be replaced with one made from the individuals own DNA. This reduces any likely hood of organ rejection within the body when a tissue or organ transplant is preformed (Wisegeek, 2015). Q10 Discuss the moral and ethical issues raised by DNA recombinant technology Not everyone is in favour of DNA recombinant technology, as they feel that science is playing god by reproducing unnaturally organisms that are not meant to be. And that science is devaluing the uniqueness of life itself. Also that some DNA work involves destroying embryos, this angers some social activist as this death is bought on intently this could be classed as murder. However scientist, argue that the purpose of DNA recombinant technology is to benefit and save human life, and not to destroy it (Wisegeek, 2015). References The free Dictionary 2015, DNA, [online] available at http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/DNA, Last Accessed 18/05/15 The free Dictionary 2015, MRNA, [online] available at http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/mRNA, Last Accessed 18/05/15 The free Dictionary 2015, TRNA, [online] available at http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/tRNA, Last Accessed 18/05/15 WiseGeek 2015, What is Protein Synthesis, [online] available at http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-protein-synthesis.htm, Last accessed 19/05/15 Encyclopaedia Britannica 2015, Point Mutation, [online] available at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/54744/point-mutation, Last accessed 19/05/15 Answers 2015, What is point mutation, [online] available at http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_point_mutation, Last accessed 20/05/15 Understanding Evolution 2015, The effects of Mutation, [online] available at http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/mutations_05, Last accessed 20/05/15 Genetics Home Reference 2012, Down Syndrome, [online] available at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/down-syndrome, Last accessed 20/05/15 About Education 2015, Sex linked traits, [online] available at http://biology.about.com/od/genetics/ss/sex-linked-traits.htm, Last accessed 23/05/15 eHow 2015, How is Cystic Fibrosis Inherited, [online] available at http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5049940_cystic-fibrosis-inherited.html, Last accessed 23/05/15 Bitesize 2014, Cystic Fibrosis, [online] available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/celldivision/inheritance4.shtml, Last accessed 23/05/15 Genetic Home Reference 2015, What is genetic testing, [online] available at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting, Last accessed 23/05/15 WiseGeek 2015, What is Recombinant DNA Technology, [online] available at http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-recombinant-dna-technology.htm, Last accessed 23/05/15

Native American Oppression in North America Essay

While many different cultures were and are oppressed around the world, many people tend to forget about the genocide of the Native Americans on the land we call home. In 1492, when Christopher Columbus first sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, he came into contact with the indigenous people of the New World. After returning to Hispaniola, he quickly implemented policies of slavery and mass extermination of the Taino population in the Caribbean. This became the first major impact on Native Americans and eventually led to further oppression of American Indians. The implication of the population as savages helped in the displacement and genocide of the indigenous peoples. The Native Americans faced a lot of discrimination in North America during colonization, consisting of different forms of propaganda causing short-term and long-term effects in the present day. In 1492, a Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus sailed for India to sell, buy, and trade rich spices and other goods, inadvertently discovering what is today North America. European conquest, large-scale exploration and colonization soon followed. This first occurred along the Caribbean coasts on the islands of Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Cuba, and later extended into the interiors of both North and South America. Eventually, the entire Western Hemisphere came under the control of European governments, leading to profound changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Indians declined from epidemic diseases brought from Europe, genocide and warfare at the hands of European explorers and colonists, displacement from their lands, internal warfare, enslavements, and a high rate of intermarriage. Epidemics of smallpox, typhus, influenza, diphtheria, and measles swept ahead of initial European contact, killing between 10 million and 20 million people, up to 95% of the indigenous population of the Americas. European expansion also caused many Native American tribes to lose their homes as they were forced by the government to live in certain areas called Indian Reservations. They were often poor and on the verge of starvation on these reservations. Many American Indians had to choose to assimilate to the culture of the colonists in order to live. The phrase â€Å"Kill the Indian, Save the Man† coincides with the assimilation. There were many tools to help with the assimilation of the natives such as boarding schools for Native American children, missionaries to introduce Christianity, and the strategic killing of their main food source, the bison. The Dawes Act was introduced in 1887 to get Native Americans to live like white Americans. Reservations were broken up into â€Å"allotments† that were given out to individual families and the families were supposed to farm and build homes on their allotment in order to support themselves. The plan failed due to the fact that some of the land was unsuitable for farming & ranching and some Natives refused to adopt a different way of life. Propaganda was a very powerful tool when it came to the oppression of American Indians. The term propaganda is derived from the Latin propagare, to propagate, to reproduce, to spread, with the meaning, to transmit, to spread from person to person. One form of early propaganda against Native Americans is the painting American Progress by John Gast in 1872. The painting depicts the iconographic image of Columbia, the American angel floating above the land, leading her pioneers westward. The angel image, intended as a personification of the United States, floats ethereally over the plains, stringing telegraph wire with one hand as she travels, and holding a schoolbook under her other arm. Ahead of her in the West is a great darkness populated by wild animals: bears, wolves, buffalo and Indian people. All are considered wild and savage, and fleeing away from her light. In her bright-light wake, as the figure progresses across the land, come farms, villages and homesteads and in the back are cities and railroads. The light of â€Å"civilization† dispels the darkness of â€Å"ignorance and barbarity†. American Indian people are portrayed along with the wild animals as the darkness, all of which have to be removed before Columbia can bring the prosperity promised to the United States. United States covert agencies working with the mainstream media often used â€Å"grey and black propaganda† to distort or fabricate information concerning the groups they had targeted. Grey propaganda efforts often centered upon contentions that the Indians’ main goal was to dispossess non-Indians of the home-owner, small farmer, or rancher type living within various treaty areas. For black propaganda there have been a number of highly publicized allegations of violence which, once disproven, were allowed to die without further fanfare. There were many short-term and long-term effects due to the oppression of American Indians. Many Native Americans were depicted as marauding, murdering, hellish savages who scalped women and children. They were seen as thieves, drunkards, and beggars, unwilling to work but willing to accept government handouts. The American Indian was often used as the antagonist in old country western films and portrayed in a negative, barbaric manner. Today a majority of the Native American population still resides on reservations. Despite helping shape America in their own way, the oppression of the American Indians is often overlooked in comparison to that of Jews during World War II and African Americans in the U. S.from slavery to the present-day Overall, the Native Americans overcame many things from when Columbus first came across them in the Caribbean in 1492. In the face of European exploration and colonization, genocide, epidemic diseases, and displacement among other things, American Indians managed to stay strong and hold on too as much of their culture as possible, working hard to dispel the false stereotype created by propaganda so long ago. While the discrimination of the past still affects them to this day, first nation peoples play a strong part in the development of this country.

Decision Making and Favorite Poem Essay

My absloute favorite poem we studied was â€Å"The stone† The way Wilfrid Wilson Gibson tells about the sorrow a woman goes through after the loss of her loved one is unmatched by anyone else. My third and final favorite poem was â€Å"Song† by Garcia Lorca. â€Å"Song† tells of â€Å"The girl of beautiful face† who â€Å"goes gathering olives†. The way Lorica paints a picture of content in the girl is what strikes me most about this poem. Many eligible men come by to take her away to their country. â€Å"Four ride’s†¦ on Andalusian ponies [say] come to Cordoba, lass†. But â€Å"the girl pays no heed†. Man after man comes to bring her home but she does not accept. This is because she is happy where she is, and she does not need anyone to make her feel content. I also liked the way the author uses personification, he writes â€Å"with gray arm of the wind encircling her waist†. Here he implies that the wind can grab the girls waist, when in fact that is not true. The author also uses free verse because there are no patterns in his writing. His writing sounds more like a paragraph then a poem to me. My second favorite poem was â€Å"Ordinance On lining Up† by Naomi Lazard. This is due to the message behind Lazard’s words. I believe that the author’s message in the poem is that people have to make many life altering changes in their life. Each decision, a metaphorical â€Å"path† they have to take, each have their perks and each have their downfalls. An example of this is â€Å"In joining the line to the right you ill end life as a beggar. If you decide on the line to the left everything you believe will become nonsense†. I also liked the use of metaphor in this poem. In fact, this whole poem is a metaphor. There are two lines, one on the right and one on the left. The author is saying you must make a decision, and comparing the decision to two lines. She uses free verse in her writing. This poem is written like a paragraph that has been cut at random places. There are sentences that end in the middle of lines, and there are sentences that go for more then two lines. The reason I liked this liked this poem is because I could relate to it closely. Every day I must make big decisions and small ones. Which ever way I choose, I will never know the outcome of the other one, but that is the risk we take getting out of bead in the morning. One of the biggest decisions I have had to make so far is whether go to go to Stuyvesant or go to the high school next to my house. They both had positives and negatives. Stuyvesant was farther away from my home, and is a much harder school that would require much more focus and work. The other school was ten minutes from my house and would not be as taxing on my brain. Although I could relate to this poem greatly, the message behind is was very obvious and did not require much thinking. Because of this it was only my second favorite poem out of the sixteen we studied. The poem which intrigued me the most was the first poem we studied, â€Å"The Stone† by Wilfrid Wilson Gibson. This poem was my favorite simply because of the use of language and visual imagery. An example of this is, â€Å"three days before, a splintered rock had struck her lover dead† this quote paints a picture of death in my mind that is unlike any other sentence I have read before. Another reason I loved this poem so much was the way Gibson shows you the lovers feeling of sorrow after the death of her loved one. The author states, â€Å"She did not sigh nor moan. His mother wept: She could not weep. Her lover slept: She could not sleep. Three days, three nights, She did not stir: Three days, three nights, Were one to her, Who never closed her eyes From sunset to sunrise, From dawn to evenfall, Her tearless, staring eyes,That, seeing naught, saw all. This shows how the heart reacts to devastating news. She was in such shock and sorrow that she could not even bring herself to cry. Among the other poetic devises used, I epically like the way the author uses personification, â€Å"The two of us were chiselling, Together, I and Death. † The author uses the word death so freely, it almost makes me feel like death is such a common thing. Through Gibsons use in language, visual imagery and overall feel of the poem, he has created a timeless masterpiece.

Psychic Passion - 947 Words

Psychic Passion: A Tale of Betrayal How can you trust someone you have never met face to face? By putting his faith in the psychic Andrew Morris, Detective Stephens sets himself up for failure in Sara Herrington’s Psychic passion, a novel of mystery, lust, and betrayal. Ultimately, Herrington’s book is about manipulation, and how easy it is to influence a trusting soul. Detective Stephens is a small town cop trying to make it in the big city of Birmingham, Alabama. He is haunted by his past and suffering accordingly. His wife left him, his kids hate him, and he struggles with a crippling urge to drink. To help cope with these urges, he phones Andrew Morris, who soothes him and feeds him generic psychic dribble: â€Å"†¦I see a change in†¦show more content†¦Adams tells Stephens that they have been watching Morris remove items from the scenes for days. He had been posing as a current detective and using Stephens name to get information. They were just wait ing for enough information to â€Å"make the arrest stick† (171). Everyone was in the know except Stephens. Andrew Morris was just an ex-detective who wanted to relive his glory days. Without his psychic wife, he needed a new way to get unwarranted attention. His way of doing that was to commit heinous crimes and use Stephens to get into the thick of things. Even after he is caught and exposed as a sick serial killer, he still attempt to manipulate Stephens into believing he’s insane, screaming from jail that his dead wife had framed him and that he was innocent. Stephens sees him for what he is at last, and realizes that serial killers all have something in common, â€Å"a [desire for a] sick thrill, and a vivid imagination† (179) Detective Stephens’s was a mistake any of us could make. When you are desperate, any voice of comfort can become a friend, someone you trust, and it doesn’t take someone of terrible cunning to manipulate you. 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